Theory 2: Everything in the Universe Is in Motion, Whether Forward, Rotational, or Otherwise

This theory of universal motion closely echoes ideas proposed across the history of philosophy. In ancient Greece, Heraclitus (c. 540-480 BC) argued that everything is in constant change and flux, an idea summarized in the phrase panta rhei, "everything flows."

In Islamic philosophy, Mulla Sadra (1572-1640) developed the theory of substantial motion (al-harakat al-jawhariyya), holding that motion and change belong to the very essence of all existing things, not merely to their accidental properties.

Modern physics confirms the same principle: every particle and body is in motion, whether at the microscopic or macroscopic scale. Even at absolute zero, particles retain a residual quantum motion, so true, total stillness is never actually achieved anywhere in nature.

Theory 2: Everything in the Universe Is in Motion, Whether Forward, Rotational, or Otherwise

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